Blog entry 4

The Long Tail Theory   - Chris Anderson

Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (ISBN 1591841380)^[1] is a book by Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, first published in December 2006

David Gauntlett – Media studies 2.0 http://theory.org.uk/mediastudies2.htm

Henry Jenkins – Participatory culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_culture http://www.henryjenkins.org/

Chris Anderson – Long Tail theory http://www.longtail.com/about.html

Tapscott and Williams – Wikinomics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinomics

http://www.bbc.co.uk/virtualrevolution/ 

Terms

Blog
From ‘web log’, meaning a website updated regularly and chronologically by the author giving their views and opinions. Blogs have now become an important part of online journalism, The Huffington Post blog sold in early 2011 for $315 million.

Casual Gaming

This refers to games played online without a console, either on a PC or phone. Casual gamers do not fit the normal stereotype of gamers, most are female. Despite the name casual games can involve lots of financial and time commitment, Farmville for example.

Citizen Journalism
When members of the public engage in journalism. Examples include providing pictures or film of events to news organisations or reporting events in blogs. A key part of democratic media.

The Cloud

Cloud storage allows users to store data on a company’s servers rather than their own hardrives. This has now evolved into a service where games can be played from the Cloud (Onlive or Steam) or music can be stored and played from the Cloud (Amazon Music, Google Music or iCloud).

Convergence

Devices are no longer used for just one thing, new media technologies are not limited by how they can be consumed or distributed. Convergence means PCs now play music, iPods can play games and phones are internet devices.  Sometimes institutions plan convergence (the iPhone) but sometimes it’s the consumers who start it, Nook readers used as tablets for example.

Democratic media

The media used to be controlled by large institutions that had the money and power to print, publish and broadcast. Home computing and cheap media production means that anyone can be a journalist, film maker or broadcaster, making the media democratic. Blogs, video services, easy app development  and podcasts make it easy to produce user generated content.

Long tail

Chris Anderson defined the Long Tail as an economic state where products have a longer sales pattern when they don’t rely on shop storage because they’re either downloadable (iTunes for example) or they’re sold online (Amazon).  An Amazon employee described the Long Tail as “We sold more books today that didn’t sell at all yesterday than we sold today of all the books that did sell yesterday.” The long tail is important for niche items. Anita Elberse criticised the Long Tail by claiming that it’s still mainstream and mass market products that dominate internet sales.

Net Neutrality

Net neutrality is the principle requiring Internet providers to act as common carriers and not discriminate among content or users — for example, by providing degraded service to rich-media sites, by throttling file-sharing services, by penalizing customers who watch or download a lot of videos or by blocking Internet applications and content from competitors

Peer to peer

A system where content is shared between users across a network. Peer to peer can be used for illegal downloads with a central hub like the Pirate Bay linking users to other users’ content.

Social Marketing
Marketing and advertising that reaches potential consumers via social networking website, such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. They appear at the edges of users’ profiles and can be targeted based on keywords in their profiles to match their stated interests or recent activities.

Streaming

Delivery and distribution of media content over an internet connection direct to your device without being saved. Youtube and Spotify are both streaming services. Onlive is an example of a streaming games service.

Synergy

Synergy is the working together of two different institutions, often relying on each other’s expertise and reputation. Synergy has been around for a long time now but in the online age it’s evolved into something more pervasive; Vevo on Youtube, Facebook and Spotify are to work together in Europe and Fifa 12 will feature more affiliates than ever before (Real Madrid and Everton used the trailer to launch their 11/12 season kits).

Top down/bottom up news

Top down news focuses on news that focuses on groups in power; governments and business for example. Twitter and blogs now allow news to be ‘bottom up’. The revolution in Syria is a good example; traditional media has been gagged there so news focuses on individuals because it’s being reported by them.

Trending

Happens when a topic is widely discussed on microblogs like Twitter. Trending allows a subject to become big news without pushing from an established news agency. Think about Ryan Giggs, the traditional media couldn’t discuss him but it was trended on Twitter.

Viral marketing
A marketing strategy that encourages the audience to pass on the marketing material themselves. Examples include short films and clips sent by email.

Web 2.0

Web 2.0 is commonly associated with web development and web design that facilitates interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. It is understood to be a democratic forum, a flat arena in which all users may contribute and speak.

Internet
The world of internet as if we know of today wasnt always like this where we are one click away from establishing contact with some who's a thousand miles away or one click away from accessing the historical background of artifacts thousands year old. The internet wasnt created with the aim of making it for public use. It was develop when two super powers of the world were engaged in the race, A race so different, so difficult but both USSR and the US were steadfast on it. They wanted to battle out each other as it was a matter of prestige for both countries.

In 1957 USSR launched its first satellite, Sputnik 1.The soviets were one up against their rivals and had established their name in the history books of being the first nation to enter space. To compete against the USSR's success and in retaliation towards USSR at launching the first satellite, the United States Department of Defense created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPA was responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military.As ARPA was established, NASA also came into being as the space race had finally begun

Developments kept taking place and a study was published in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, The study focused on The work the outlines multimedia paradigms to be integrated into the Internet. Engelbart was the pioneer of setting up the idea of having a "Network" that would help the world connect.The world had already seen what nuclear bomb could do, All the super powers were coming up with defense mechanisms that would help them evade a future nuclear threat. In the US, Rand Corporation proposed a new information network that would hep the US establish a communication system even after a nuclear war. After the US had successfully launched Apollo 11 to the moon, The first host to host ARPANET connection was made on October 25th 1969 between the University of California, Los Angeles and Stanford university, Menlo Park, ARPANET was the world's first packet network switching. The core network of a project that composed the global internet.In 1972 ARPANET was started being used for emails and the term "Internet" shot to prominence.Comet was the first email software developed by the Computer Corporation of America for 40000$

In 1977 Near Menlo Park, California, SRI scientists demonstrate that a TCP (transmission control protocol) will successfully support seamless end to end transmission over mobile radio. ARCNET (Attached Resource Computer Network) the first commercial network, was developed by Datapoint Corporation. Al Gore, An american politician coined the term for the internet "The Information highway". in 1990 The three www we add before every URL address world wide web is coined by Tim Berners.

Stanford linear Accelerator becomes the first web server on the internet in 1991, The Internet began using registrations  for ".com", ".org" eg. 1993 saw CERN develop the "World Wide Web" .In  1995 the first independent programming language, JAVA, is created by Jim Gosling at Sun Microsystems. "Yahoo!" is founded in Santa Clara, California, and provides a web search engine, email service, mapping and more. Google, The internet site which we visit everyday, founded in Menlo park California. In 1999 the world celebrated the Internet's 30th anniversary, Till now the internet had over 5 million domains registered on the internet, 100 million computers connected, with creating 2.3 jobs and creating $507m billion in revenue